Music based on a single theme is called mono-thematic, while music based on several themes is called poly-thematic. Most fugues are mono-thematic and most pieces in sonata form are poly-thematic (Randal 2002, 429). In the exposition of a fugue, the principal theme (usually called the subject) is announced successively in each voice – sometimes in a transposed form.
In some compositions, a principal subject is announced and then a second melody, sometimes called a counter-subject or secondary theme, may occur. When one of the sections in the exposition of a sonata-form movement consists of several themes or other material, defined by function and (usually) their tonality, rather than by melodic characteristics alone, the term theme group (or subject group) is sometimes used (Rush-ton 2002; 136).
Music without subjects/themes, or without recognizable, repeating, and developing subjects/themes, is called a thematic. Examples include the per-twelve-tone or early atonal works. Schoenberg once said that, "intoxicated by the enthusiasm of having freed music from the shackles of tonality, I had thought to find further liberty of expression. In fact, I … believed that now music could renounce motive features and remain coherent and comprehensible nevertheless" .
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